Industry cases - Municipal water supply

—— "Hidden Challenges" of Contamination and Mineralization Risks Hidden Under Still Water

As one of the world's important sources of drinking and industrial water, groundwater was once widely trusted for its "natural filtration and stable source". However, with the development of industry, agricultural expansion and changes in underground structures, groundwater pollution has become increasingly prominent. The composition is complex, the regional differences are significant, and the difficulty of governance is high. It has become one of the key areas of water resource security.
Groundwater quality characteristics:
Rich in inorganic salts and heavy metals: Common pollutants include iron, manganese, fluorine, arsenic, nitrates, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metal ions. In some areas, the iron content is > 2.0mg/L, manganese > 0.5mg/L, and fluoride > 1.5mg/L, which is seriously exceeded.
High hardness and high TDS: The hardness of some groundwater exceeds 500-1,000mg/L, and the TDS can reach 1,500-2,000mg/L. Long-term use will cause equipment scaling and reduced boiler efficiency.
The pH value of water fluctuates significantly: The pH value of groundwater is affected by rock minerals and may be as low as 5.5 or as high as 9.0, which may cause corrosion or deposition risks to pipes and equipment.
Bacterial contamination cannot be ignored: In some areas, groundwater is polluted by fecal leakage and agricultural non-point sources, and there is a risk of exceeding the total bacteria and total coliform group, which requires special precautions.